Form of Present Perfect Simple

• P: He has spoken.
• N: He has not spoken.
• Q: Has he spoken?

Use of Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple is used for actions that started in the past and stopped recently or are still going on. The focus is on the result.

• Action that is still going on
  Situation that is still the same as it was in the past. We want to emphasise that the situation has not changed.
  Examples:
  Your advice has always been extremely helpful.
  We have not yet received a remittance for the goods supplied to you.
• Action that stopped recently
  Action that has just been completed. We want to emphasise the result.
  Examples:
  I have typed five letters.
  I have just received your mail.
• Action in the past that has an influence on the present
  Action that was completed in the past, but has an influence on a present situation. Note that you must not give a certain time for the action in the past (if you want to use a time expression, you must use Simple Past).
  Examples:
  I have lost Misses Wilde’s phone number.
  We have agreed on the following points:
• Action that so far has taken place never, once or several times
  Action that happened / did not happen in the past. We want to emphasise how often the action has taken place so far.
  Examples:
  I have never been to our New York subsidiary.
  Misses Newton has already phoned three times to inquire about the delivery of her goods.

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future.

Present progressive is also known as present continuous.

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Form of going to Future

	positive	negative	question
I	I am going to speak.	I am not going to speak.	Am I going to speak?
you / we / they	You are going to speak.	You are not going to speak.	Are you going to speak?
he / she / it	He is going to speak.	He is not going to speak.	Is he going to speak?

Use of going to Future

• an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared
  example: I am going to study harder next year.
• a conclusion regarding the immediate future
  example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.

Simple Present	Present Progressive
infinitive (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak you speak he / she / it speaks we speak they speak	form of 'be' and verb + ing   I am speaking you are speaking he / she / it is speaking we are speaking they are speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 's' : For can, may, might, must, do not add s. Example: he can, she may, it must After o, ch, sh or s, add es. Example: do - he does, wash - she washes After a consonant, the final consonant y becomesie. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worries but: play - he plays	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: sit - sitting After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English) Final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying